Assessing readiness and attitudes: Scale development for online practicum in teacher education in the digital society

Marina A. Zhukova; Sergei P. Zhdanov; Tatiana A. Baklashova; Natalya Y. Garnova; Olga V. Pashanova; Irina I. Kruse; Albina R. Shaidullina

doi:10.30935/cedtech/17454

Marina A. Zhukova ¹, Sergei P. Zhdanov ², Tatiana A. Baklashova ³, Natalya Y. Garnova ⁴, Olga V. Pashanova ⁴, Irina I. Kruse ⁵, Albina R. Shaidullina ⁶ ^*

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CONT ED TECHNOLOGY, Volume 17, Issue 4, Article No: ep607

https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/17454

Submitted: 08 June 2025, Published Online: 26 November 2025

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Abstract

The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable instrument that measures pre-service teachers’ readiness and attitudes towards online teaching practice. The sample of the study consisted of 411 pre-service teachers studying at a Russian university. 87.7% of the participants were female and 12.3% were male. When the age groups are analyzed, the 18-19 age group is 33.3%, the 20-21 age group is 32%, the 22-23 age group is 22.9% and the 24 and over age group is 11.8%. 83.2% of the participants had previous online teaching experience. During the scale development process, expert opinion was obtained and validity and reliability analyses were conducted. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale had a three-factor structure: online teaching self-efficacy (11 items), online professional support and collaboration (8 items), and attitude towards online teaching and perception of development (5 items). This three-factor structure explained 67.1% of the total variance. The reliability coefficients of the scale ranged between 0.841 and 0.956 for the sub-dimensions. As a result of the latent profile analysis, the participants were categorized into six different profiles: competent and enthusiastic group (37%), high performance group (20%), collaboration-focused group (1%), moderate adaptation group (29%), low motivation group (4%), and open to development group (10%). The findings show that the developed scale is a valid and reliable tool that can be used to assess pre-service teachers’ online teaching readiness and attitudes.

Keywords: online practicum, teacher education, scale development, readiness, attitudes, digital society

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Citation

Zhukova, M. A., Zhdanov, S. P., Baklashova, T. A., Garnova, N. Y., Pashanova, O. V., Kruse, I. I., & Shaidullina, A. R. (2025). Assessing readiness and attitudes: Scale development for online practicum in teacher education in the digital society. Contemporary Educational Technology, 17(4), ep607. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/17454

Zhukova, M. A., Zhdanov, S. P., Baklashova, T. A., Garnova, N. Y., Pashanova, O. V., Kruse, I. I., and Shaidullina, A. R. (2025). Assessing readiness and attitudes: Scale development for online practicum in teacher education in the digital society. Contemporary Educational Technology, 17(4), ep607. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/17454

Zhukova MA, Zhdanov SP, Baklashova TA, et al. Assessing readiness and attitudes: Scale development for online practicum in teacher education in the digital society. CONT ED TECHNOLOGY. 2025;17(4), ep607. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/17454

Zhukova, Marina A., Sergei P. Zhdanov, Tatiana A. Baklashova, Natalya Y. Garnova, Olga V. Pashanova, Irina I. Kruse, and Albina R. Shaidullina. "Assessing readiness and attitudes: Scale development for online practicum in teacher education in the digital society". Contemporary Educational Technology 2025 17 no. 4 (2025): ep607. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/17454

Zhukova, Marina A. et al. "Assessing readiness and attitudes: Scale development for online practicum in teacher education in the digital society". Contemporary Educational Technology, vol. 17, no. 4, 2025, ep607. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/17454

Zhukova MA, Zhdanov SP, Baklashova TA, Garnova NY, Pashanova OV, Kruse II, et al. Assessing readiness and attitudes: Scale development for online practicum in teacher education in the digital society. CONT ED TECHNOLOGY. 2025;17(4):ep607. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/17454