The Relationship between Perceived Parental Control and Internet Addiction: A Cross-sectional study among Adolescents

Levent Cetinkaya

doi:10.30935/cet.512531

Levent Cetinkaya ¹

More Detail

CONT ED TECHNOLOGY, Volume 10, Issue 1, pp. 55-74

https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.512531

OPEN ACCESS 2943 Views 1898 Downloads

Download Full Text (PDF)

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental psychological and behavioral control which the adolescents perceived from their parents and internet addiction. It employed relational survey model and was carried out with the participation of a total of 356 students (female=205, male=151) aged 14-18. Correlation and regression analyses were utilized to determine the level and direction of the relationship between their perceived parental psychological and behavioral control, and internet addiction. The results yielded a positive, medium-level and meaningful relation between them. It was found that parental psychological control explained nearly 18% of the total variance in internet addiction and mothers are perceived as significantly more psychologically controlling in internet addiction than fathers. Also, the relationship between parental behavioral control and the level of adolescents’ internet addiction was found negative and non-significant. Consequently, it was noted that perceived parental psychological control was effective in adolescents’ internet addiction tendencies, whereas behavioral control did not produce such effect.

Keywords: Internet addiction, Psychological control, Behavioral control, Parental control

References

Aksoy, A. B., Kahraman, O. G., & Kilic, S. (2008). Ebeveynlerin algiladiklari ebeveyn izleme ve destek davranislari [Parental monitoring and support behaviors perceived by adolescents]. Inonu Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 9(15), 1-14. Retrieved on 22 July 2018 from http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/92324
Alvarez, M., Torres, A., Rodriguez, E., Padilla, S., & Rodrigo, M. J. (2013). Attitudes and parenting dimensions in parents’ regulation of Internet use by primary and secondary school children. Computers & Education, 67, 69-78. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. compedu.2013.03.005
Anderson K. J. (2001). Internet use among college students: an exploratory study. Journal of American College Health, 50(1), 21-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 07448480109595707
Ang, R. P., Chong, W. H., Chye, S., & Huan, V. S. (2012). Loneliness and generalized problematic Internet use: Parents’ perceived knowledge of adolescents’ online activities as a moderator. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(4), 1342-1347. doi: 10.1016/j.chb. 2012.02.019
Austin, E. W. (1990). Effects of family communication on children's interpretation of television. In J. Bryant & J. A. Bryant (Eds.), Television and the American family (pp. 377-395). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ayas, T. & Horzum, M. B. (2013). Internet addiction and internet parental style of primary school students. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(39), 46-57. Retrieved on 20 July 2018 from http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/200124
Bakken, I. J., Wenzel, H. G., Gotestam, K. G., Johansson, A., & Oren, A. (2009). Internet addiction among Norwegian adults: A stratified probability sample study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(2), 121-127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00685.x
Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296-3319. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996. tb01915.x
Barber, B. K. (1999). Political violence, family relations, and Palestinian youth functioning. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14(2), 206-230. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0743558499142004
Barber, B. K. (2001). Political violence, social, integration, and youth functioning: Palestinian youth from the intifada. Journal of Community Psychology, 29(3), 259-280. doi: https:// doi.org/10.1002/jcop.1017
Barber, B. K. (2002). Intrusive parenting: How psycho- logical control affects children and adolescents. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1037/10422-000
Barber, B. K., Bean, R. L., & Erickson, L. D. (2002). Expanding the study and understanding of psychological control. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents (pp. 263-289). Washington DC: American Psychological Association. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10422-009
Barber, B. K. & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control of early adolescents and adolescents. B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents (15-52). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Barber, B. K. & Olsen, J. A. (1997). Socialization in context: Connection, regulation, and autonomy in the family, school, and neighborhood, and with peers. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12(2), 287-315. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0743554897122008
Barber, B. K., Olsen, J. E., & Shagle, S. C. (1994). Associations between parental psychological and behavioral control and youth internalized and externalized behaviors. Child Development, 65(4), 1120-1136. Retrieved on 20 July 2018 from https://www.jstor.org/ stable/1131309
Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(4), 1-13. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2005.00365.x
Barber, B. K., Xia, M., Olsen, J. A., McNeely, C. A., & Bose, K. (2012). Feeling disrespected by parents: Refining the measurement and understanding of psychological control. Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 273-287. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.10.010
Bayraktar, F. (2001). The role of internet usage in the development of adolescents (Unpublished master's thesis). Ege University, İzmir.
Bessière, K., Kiesler, S., Kraut, R., & Boneva, B. S. (2008). Effects of internet use and social resources on changes in depression. Information, Communication & Society, 11(1), 47-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180701858851
Bessière, K., Pressman, S., Kiesler, S., & Kraut, R. (2010). Effects of Internet Use on Health and Depression: A longitudinal study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12(1), e6. doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1149
Bozoglan, B. Demirer, V. & Sahin, I. (2014). Problematic Internet use: Functions of use, cognitive absorption, and depression. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 117-123. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.042
Bronstein, P. (1994). Patterns of Parent-Child Interaction in Mexican Families: A Cross-cultural Perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 17(3), 423-446. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/016502549401700303
Brown, B. B., Mounts, N., Lamborn, S. D., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting practices and peer group affiliation in adolescence. Child Development, 64(2), 467-482. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02922.x
Caldwell, R. M., Beutler, L. E., Ross, S. A., & Silver, N. C. (2006). Brief report: An examination of the relationships between parental monitoring, self-esteem and delinquency among Mexican American male adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 29(3), 459-464. doi: https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.07.005
Cao, F. & Su, L. (2006). Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: prevalence and psychological features. Child: Care, Health and Development, 33(3), 275-281. doi: https: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00715.x
Cao, H., Sun, Y., Wan, Y., Hao, J., & Tao, F. (2011) Problematic Internet use in Chinese adolescents and its relation to psychosomatic symptoms and life satisfaction. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 802-810 doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-802
Caplan, S. E. (2002). Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: Development of a theory based cognitive–behavioral measurement instrument. Computers in Human Behavior, 18, 553-575.
Caplan, S. E. (2003). Preference for online social interaction: A theory of problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communication Research, 30(6), 625-648. doi: https:// doi.org/10.1177/0093650203257842
Cetinkaya, L. (2017). An educational technology tool that developed in the natural flow of life among students: WhatsApp. International Journal of Progressive Education, 13(2), 29-47. Retrieved on 11 July 2018 from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1145590.pdf
Cetinkaya, L. & Sutcu, S. S. (2016). Parents’ Restrictions on Their Children’s Use of Information Technologies and Their Reasons. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 7(1), 18-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17569/tojqi.58102
Ceyhan, A. A. & Ceyhan, E. (2008). Loneliness, depression, and computer self-efficacy as predictors of problematic internet use. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 11(6), 699-701. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0255
Chirkov, V. I. (2009). A cross cultural analysis of autonomy in education: A self determination theory perspective. Theory and Research in Education, 7(2), 253-262. doi: https://doi. org/10.1177/1477878509104330
Chou, C. & Lee Y. H. (2017). The Moderating Effects of Internet Parenting Styles on the Relationship between Internet Parenting Behavior, Internet Expectancy, and Internet Addiction Tendency. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 26(3-4), 137–146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-017-0334-5
Christakis, D. A., Moreno, M. M., Jelenchick, L., Myaing, M. T., & Zhou, C. (2011). Problematic internet usage in US college students: a pilot study. BMC Medicine, 9(77). doi: https:// doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-9-77
Conger, K. J., Conger, R. D., & Scaramella, L. V. (1997). Parents, siblings, psychological control, and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12(1), 113-138. doi: https: //doi.org/10.1177/0743554897121007
Cui, L., Morris, A.S., Criss, M.M., Houltberg, B.J., & Silk, J.S. (2014). Parental psychological control and adolescent adjustment: The role of adolescent emotion regulation. Parenting: Science and Practice, 14(1), 47-67. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192. 2014.880018
Cevik, B. G. & Celikkaleli, O. (2010). Ergenlerin arkadas bagliligi ve internet bagimliliginin cinsiyet, ebeveyn tutumu ve anne baba egitim duzeylerine gore incelenmesi [Adolescent’ friends attachment and internet addiction according to gender, perception parents attitudes and parents educational levels]. Cukurova Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi, 19(3), 225-240. Retrieved on 11 July 2018 from http://dergipark. ulakbim.gov.tr/ cusosbil/article/view/5000001458/5000002149
Dalbudak, E., Evren, C., Aldemir, S., Coskun, K. S., Ugurlu, H., & Yildirim, F. G. (2013) Relationship of internet addiction severity with depression, anxiety, and alexithymia, temperament and character in university students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(4), 272-278. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0390
Demirer, V. & Bozoglan, B. (2015). Purposes of Internet use and problematic Internet use among Turkish high school students. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 8(4), 269-277. doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1111/appy.12219
Derbyshire, K. L., Lust, K. A., Schreiber, L. R., Odlaug, B. L., Christenson, G. A., Golden, D. J., & Grant, J. E. (2013). Problematic Internet use and associated risks in a college sample. Comprehensive psychiatry, 54(5), 415-422. Doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.11.003
Dishion, T. J., Capaldi, D., Spracklen, K. M., & li, F. (1995). Peer ecology of male adolescent drug use. Development and Psychopathology, 7(4), 803-824. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0954579400006854
Douglas, A. C., Mills, J., Niang, M., Stepchenkova, S., Byun, S., Ruffini, C., Lee, S. K. Loutfi, J., Lee, J-K., Atallah, M., & Blanton, M. (2008). Internet addiction: Meta-synthesis of qualitative research for the decade 1996 - 2006. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(6), 3027–3044. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.009
Doyle, A. B. & Markiewicz, D. (2005). Parenting, marital conflict, and adjustment, from early to mid adolescence: Mediated by adolescent attachment style? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(2), 97-110. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-3209-7
Dwairy, M. & Achoui, M. (2010.) Parental control: a second cross- cultural research on parenting and psychological adjustment of children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(1), 16-22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9334-2
Finkenauer C, Engels R. C. M. E., & Baumeister R. F. (2005). Parenting behavior and adolescent behavioral emotional problems: the role of self-control. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(1), 58-69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01650250444000333
Fletcher, A. C., Steinberg, L., & Williams-Wheeler, M. (2004). Parental Influences on Adolescent Problem Behavior: Revisiting Stattin & Kerr. Child Development, 75(3), 781-796. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00706.x
George, D. & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
Ghassemzadeh, L., Mehrnaz, S., & Alireza, M. (2008). Prevalence of Internet addiction and comparison of Internet addicts and non-addicts in Iranian high schools. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 731-733. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0243
Griffiths, M. D. (1999). Internet addiction. The Psychologist, 12(5), 246-251. Retrieved on 11 July 2018 from https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/getfile/3118
Griffiths, M. D. (2000). Does Internet and computer ‘‘addiction’’ exist? Some case study evidence. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(2), 211-218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/ 109493100316067
Gurland, S. T. & Grolnick, W. S. (2005). Perceived threat, controlling parenting and children's achievement orientations. Motivation and Emotion, 29(2), 103-121. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/s11031-005-7956-2
Gunuc, S. & Dogan, A. (2013). The relationships between Turkish adolescents' Internet addiction, their perceived social support and family activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2197-2207. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.011
Hafen, C. A. & Laursen, B. (2009). More problems and less support: Early adolescent adjustment forecasts changes in perceived support from parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(2), 193-202. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015077
Hamburger, Y. A., & Ben-Artzi E. (2003). Loneliness and Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(1), 71-80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00014-6
Harma, M. (2008). The impact of parental control and marital conflict on adolescents’ self-regulation and adjustment (Unpublished master's thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
Hawk, S. T., Keijsers, L. Hale, W, & Meeus, W. (2009). Mind your own business! Longitudinal relations between perceived privacy invasion and adolescent-parent conflict. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(4), 511-520. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015426
Heatherton, T. F. & Wagner, D. O. (2011). Cognitive Neuroscience of Self-Regulation Failure. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(3), 132-139. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj. tics.2010.12.005
Joussemet, M., Vitaro, F., Barker, E. D., Cote, S., Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. (2008). Controlling parenting and physical aggression during elementary school. Child Development, 79(2), 411-425. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01133.x
Kakihara, F., & Tilton Weaver, L. (2009). Adolescents’ interpretations of parental control: Differentiated by domain and types of control. Child Development, 80(6), 1722-1738. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01364.x
Kaltiala-Heino, R., Lintonen, T., & Rimpela A. (2004). Internet addiction? Potentially problematic use of the Internet in a population of 12-18-year-old adolescents. Addiction Research & Theory, 12(1), 89-96. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1606635031000098796
Karavasilis, L., Doyle, A. B., & Markiewicz, D. (2003). Associations between parenting style and attachment to mother in middle childhood and adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27(2), 153-164. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 0165025024400015
Kerr, M. & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring? Developmental Psychology, 36(3), 366-380. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.3.366
Khurana, A., Bleakly, A., Jordan, A. B., & Romer, D. (2015). The Protective Effects of Parental Monitoring and Internet Restriction on Adolescents’ Risk of Online Harassment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(5), 1039-1047. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0242-4
Kindap, Y. (2011). A longitudinal study of the relationship between supportive parenting, social adjustment and self determination level among adolescents on the basis of self determination theory (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Hacettepe University, Ankara.
Kindap, Y. & Sayil, M. (2012). The Mediating Role of Relational Aggression in the Relationship between Parental Control and Social Functioning of the Adolescent. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 27(70), 119-132. Retrieved on 11 July 2018 from https://www.tedu.edu.tr/ sites/default/files/content_files/research_files/kindap_tepe_sayil_2012_0.pdf
Kindap, Y., Sayil, M., & Kumru, A. (2008). The relationships among type of perceived maternal control, psychosocial adjustment, and friendship in adolescence: The mediator role of self-esteem. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 23(61), 92-107. Retrieved on 11 July 2018 from http://www.turkpsikolojiyazilari.com/PDF/TPD/61/92-107.pdf
Kim, J., LaRose, R., & Peng, W. (2009). Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic Internet use: The relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(4), 451-455. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb. 2008.0327
Kins, E., Beyers, W., Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2009). Patterns of home leaving and subjective well-being in emerging adulthood: The role of motivational processes and parental autonomy support. Developmental Psychology, 45(5), 1416-1429. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015580
Ko, C-H., Yen, J-Y., Yen, C-F., Lin, H-C., & Yang, M-J. (2007). Factors predictive for incidence and remission of internet addiction in young adolescents: a prospective study. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(4): 545-551. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007. 9992
Kuppens, S., Grietens, H., Onghena, P., & Michiels, D. (2009). Relations between parental psychological control and childhood relational aggression: Reciprocal in nature? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(1), 117-131. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 15374410802575354
Kurt, D., Sayil, M., & Kindap Tepe, Y. (2013). Summary the Relation between Parental Psychological Control and Late Adolescents’ Loneliness: The Mediator Roles of Interpersonal Trust and Attachment. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 28(71), 105-116. Retrieved on 11 July 2018 from http://www.turkpsikolojiyazilari.com/PDF/TPD/71/07. pdf
Lam, L. T. & Wong, E. M. (2015). Stress moderates the relationship between problematic Internet use by parents and problematic Internet use by adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(3), 300-306. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.263
Lee, S. J. & Chae, Y. G. (2007). Children's Internet use in a family context: Influence on family relationships and parental mediation. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 640-644. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9975
Leung, L. (2003). Impacts of Net-generation attributes, seductive properties of the Internet, and gratifications-obtained on Internet use. Telematics and Informatics, 20(2), 107-129. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-5853(02)00019-9
Li, M., Deng, Y., Ren., Y., Guo, S., & He, X. (2014). Obesity status of middle school students in Xiangtan and its relationship with Internet addiction. Obesity, 22(2), 482-487. doi: https: //doi.org/10.1002/oby.20595
Li, X., Li, D., & Newman, J. (2013). Parental behavioral and psychological control and problematic Internet use among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of self-control. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(6), 442-447. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1089/cyber.2012.0293
Lopez-Fernandez, O., Honrubia-Serrano, M. L., Gibson, W., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Problematic Internet use in British adolescents: An exploration of the addictive symptomatology. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 224-233. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.042
Loukas, A., Paulos, S. K., & Robinson, S. (2005). Early adolescent social and overt aggression: Examining the roles of social anxiety and maternal psychological control. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(4), 335-226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-5757-2
Maccoby, E. E. & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington in Handbook of child psychology: Vol 4. Socialization, personality, and social development, (1-101). New York: Wiley.
Manzeske, D. P. & Stright A. (2009). Parenting styles and emotion regulation: The role of behavioral and psychological control during young adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 16(4), 223-229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9068-9
Moody, E. J. (2001). Internet use and its relationship to loneliness. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4(3), 393-401. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/109493101300210303
Nelson, D. A. & Crick, N. R. (2002). Parental psychological control: Implications for childhood physical and relational aggression. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents (pp. 161-189). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ni, X., Yan, H., Chen, S., & Liu, Z. (2009). Factors influencing internet addiction in a sample of freshmen university students in China. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(3), 327-330. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0321
Niemz, K., Griffiths, M., & Banyard, P. (2005). Prevalence of pathological Internet use among university students and correlations with self-esteem, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and disinhibition. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8(6), 562-570. doi: https://doi. org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.562
Pallanti, S., Bernardi, S., & Quercioli, L. (2006). The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire and the Internet Addiction Scale in the assessment of multiple addictions in a high-school population: prevalence and related disability. CNS Spectrums, 11(12), 966-974. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900015157
Park, S. K., Kim, J. Y., & Cho, C. B. (2008). Prevalence of Internet addiction and correlations with family factors among South Korean adolescents. Adolescence, 43(172), 895-909. Retrieved on 11 July 2018 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19149152
Peterson, K. U., Weymann, N., Schelb, Y., Thiel, R., & Thomasius, R. (2009) Pathological Internet use--epidemiology, diagnostics, co-occurring disorders and treatment. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, 77(5), 263-271. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1109361
Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Meece, D. W. (1999). The impact of after-school peer contact on early adolescent externalizing problems is moderated by parental monitoring, perceived neighborhood safety, and prior adjustment. Child Development, 70(3), 768-778. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00055
Poli, R. & Agrimi, E. (2012). Internet addiction disorder: prevalence in an Italian student population. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 66(1), 55-59. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/ 08039488.2011.605169
Pomerantz, E. M. & Wang, Q. (2009). The role of parental control in children's development in Western and East Asian countries. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(5), 285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01653.x
Rogers, K. N., Buchanan, C. M., & Winchell, M. E. (2003). Psychological control during early adolescence: Links to adjustment in differing parent/adolescent dyads. Journal of Early Adolescence, 23(4), 349-383. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431603258344
Rudy, D., Awong, T., & Lambert, M. (2008). Parental psychological control and authoritarianism in Chinese-Canadian and European-Canadian cultural groups: Their meanings and implications for university students' adjustment. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 39(4), 471-490. Retrieved on 11 July 2018 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41604241
Rumpf, H. J., Vermulst A. A, Bischof, A., Kastirke, N., Gurtler, D., Bischof, G., & Meerkerk, G.-J., John U., & Meyer C. (2013). Occurrence of internet addiction in a general population sample: a latent class analysis, European addiction research, 20(4), 159-166. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000354321
Ryan, T. & Xenos, S. (2011). Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the relationship between the Big Five, shyness, narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1658–1664. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.004
Saha, R., Huebner, E. C., Suldo, S. M., & Valois, R. F. (2010). A longitudinal study of adolescent life satisfaction and parenting. Child Indicators Research, 3(2), 149- 165. doi: http://dx. doi.org/10.1007/s12187-009-9050-x
Sayil, M., & Kindap, Y. (2010). Turkish adaptation of the parental psychological control scale(s): A study of validity and reliability. Turkish Psychological Articles, 13(25), 62-71. Retrieved on 11 July 2018 from http://www.turkpsikolojiyazilari.com/PDF/TPY/25/05.pdf
Schaefer, E. W. (1965). Children's reports of parental behavior: An inventory. Child Development, 36(2), 413-424. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1126465
Shek, D. T. L. (2005). Perceived parental control and parent-child relational qualities in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Sex Roles, 53(9-10), 635-646. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s11199-005-7730-7
Shek, D. T. L. (2007). A longitudinal study of perceived differences in parental control and parent-child relational qualities in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22(2), 156-188. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558406297509
Shek, D. T. L., Zhu, X., & Ma, C. M. S. (2018). The influence of parental control and parent-child relational qualities on adolescent internet addiction: A 3-year longitudinal study in Hong Kong. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 642. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018. 00642
Shulman, S., Collins, W. A., & Dital, M. (1993). Parent-child relationships and peerperceived competence during middle childhood and preadolescence in Israel. Journal of Early Adolescence, 13(2), 204-218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431693013002005
Siomos, K. E., Dafouli, E. D., Braimiotis, D.A., Mouzas, O. D., & Angelopoulos, N. V. (2008). Internet addiction among Greek adolescent students. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 653-657. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0088
Smetana, J. G. & Daddis, C. (2002). Domain-specific antecedents of psychological control and parental monitoring: The role of parenting beliefs and practices. Child Development, 73(2), 563-580. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00424
Soenens, B. & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30(1), 74-99. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2009.11.001
Soenens B., Vansteenkiste, M., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2006). In search of the sources psychologically controlling parenting: the role of parental separation anxiety and parental maladaptive perfectionism. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(4), 539-559. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00507.x
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste M., & Niemiec, C. P. (2009). Should parental prohibition of adolescents’ peer relationships be prohibited? Personal Relationships, 16(4), 507- 530. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01237.x
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., Duriez, B., & Niemiec, C. P. (2008). The Intervening role of relational aggression between psychological control and friendship quality. Social Development, 17(3), 661-681. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00454.x
Sonmez, S. (2011). The role of mother's behavioral and psychological control both on the mother-adolescent relationship and the adolescent's a year later adjustment during transition to adolescence (Unpublished master's thesis). Hacettepe University, Ankara.
Spada, M. M. (2014). An overview of problematic Internet use. Addictive behaviors, 39(1), 3-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.007
Stattin, H. & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation. Child Development, 71(4), 1072-1085. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00210
Steinberg, L. (1990). Autonomy, conflict, and harmony in the family relationship. In S. S. Feldman & G. R. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 255-276). Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press.
Steinberg, L., Elmen, J. D., & Mounts, N. S. (1989). Authoritative parenting, psychosocial maturity, and academic success among adolescents. Child Development, 60(6), 1424- 1436. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130932
Tsai, H. F., Cheng, S. H., Yeh, T.L., Shih, C. C., Chen, K. C., Yang, Y. C., & Yang, Y. K., (2009). The risk factors of Internet addiction—A survey of university freshmen. Psychiatry Research, 167(3), 294-299. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.01.015
Valcke, M., Bonte, S., De Wever, B., & Rots, I. (2010). Internet parenting styles and the impact on Internet use of primary school children. Computers and Education, 55(2), 454-464. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.02.009
Villella, C., Martinotti, G., Di Nicola, M., Cassano, M., La Torre, G., Gliubizzi, M. D., Messeri, I., Petruccelli, F., Bria, P., Janiri, L., & Conte, G. (2011). Behavioral addictions in adolescents and young adults: results from a prevalence study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27(2), 203-214. doi https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9206-0
Wang, Q., Pomerantz, E. M., & Chen, H. (2007). The role of parents control in early adolescents’ psychological functioning: A longitudinal investigation in the United States and China. Child Development, 78(5), 1592-1610. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01085.x
Whang, L. S., Lee, S., Chang, G. (2003). Internet over-users' psychological profiles: A behavior sampling analysis on internet addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(2), 143-150. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/109493103321640338
White, M. J. & Kaufman, G. (1997). Language usage, social capital, and school completion among immigrants and native-born ethnic groups. Social Science Quarterly, 78(2), 385- 398. Retrieved on 11 July 2018 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/42864344
Wu, C. S. T., Wong, H. T., Yu, K. F., Fok, K. W., Yeung, S. M., Lam, C. H., & Liu, K. M. (2016). Parenting approaches, family functionality, and internet addiction among Hong Kong adolescents. BMC Pediatrics, 16(1), 130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0666-y
Xiuqin, H., Huimin, Z, Mengchen, L., Jinan, W., Ying, Z., & Ran, T. (2010). Mental health, personality, and parental rearing styles of adolescents with internet addiction disorder. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(4), 401-406. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1089/cyber.2009.0222
Yeh, Y. C., Ko, H. C., Wu, J. Y. W., & Cheng, C. P. (2008). Gender differences in relationships of actual and virtual social support to internet addiction mediated through depressive symptoms among college students in Taiwan. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(4), 485-487. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0134
Yellowlees, P. M. & Marks, S. (2007). Problematic internet use or internet addiction? Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3), 1447-1453. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb. 2005.05.004
Young, K. S. (1997). What makes the internet addictive: potential explanations for pathological internet use? 105th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association. Chicago, IL.
Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(1), 237-244. doi: http://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
Young, K. S. (2004). Internet addiction: A new clinical phenomenon and its consequences. The American Behavioral Scientist, 48(4), 402-415. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0002764204270278
Young, K. S. & Rodgers, R. C. (1998). The relationship between depression and Internet addiction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 1(1), 25-28. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.25

Citation

Cetinkaya, L. (2019). The Relationship between Perceived Parental Control and Internet Addiction: A Cross-sectional study among Adolescents. Contemporary Educational Technology, 10(1), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.512531

Cetinkaya, L. (2019). The Relationship between Perceived Parental Control and Internet Addiction: A Cross-sectional study among Adolescents. Contemporary Educational Technology, 10(1), pp. 55-74. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.512531

Cetinkaya L. The Relationship between Perceived Parental Control and Internet Addiction: A Cross-sectional study among Adolescents. CONT ED TECHNOLOGY. 2019;10(1), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.512531

Cetinkaya, Levent. "The Relationship between Perceived Parental Control and Internet Addiction: A Cross-sectional study among Adolescents". Contemporary Educational Technology 2019 10 no. 1 (2019): 55-74. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.512531

Cetinkaya, Levent "The Relationship between Perceived Parental Control and Internet Addiction: A Cross-sectional study among Adolescents". Contemporary Educational Technology, vol. 10, no. 1, 2019, pp. 55-74. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.512531

Cetinkaya L. The Relationship between Perceived Parental Control and Internet Addiction: A Cross-sectional study among Adolescents. CONT ED TECHNOLOGY. 2019;10(1):55-74. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.512531